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231 lines
8.5 KiB
Plaintext
==============================================
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How to use Django with Apache and ``mod_wsgi``
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==============================================
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Deploying Django with Apache_ and `mod_wsgi`_ is a tried and tested way to get
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Django into production.
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.. _Apache: https://httpd.apache.org/
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.. _mod_wsgi: https://modwsgi.readthedocs.io/en/develop/
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mod_wsgi is an Apache module which can host any Python WSGI_ application,
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including Django. Django will work with any version of Apache which supports
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mod_wsgi.
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.. _WSGI: https://wsgi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
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The `official mod_wsgi documentation`_ is your source for all the details about
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how to use mod_wsgi. You'll probably want to start with the `installation and
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configuration documentation`_.
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.. _official mod_wsgi documentation: https://modwsgi.readthedocs.io/
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.. _installation and configuration documentation: https://modwsgi.readthedocs.io/en/develop/installation.html
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Basic configuration
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===================
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Once you've got mod_wsgi installed and activated, edit your Apache server's
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`httpd.conf`_ file and add the following.
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.. _httpd.conf: https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/httpd/DistrosDefaultLayout
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.. code-block:: apache
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WSGIScriptAlias / /path/to/mysite.com/mysite/wsgi.py
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WSGIPythonHome /path/to/venv
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WSGIPythonPath /path/to/mysite.com
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<Directory /path/to/mysite.com/mysite>
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<Files wsgi.py>
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Require all granted
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</Files>
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</Directory>
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The first bit in the ``WSGIScriptAlias`` line is the base URL path you want to
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serve your application at (``/`` indicates the root url), and the second is the
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location of a "WSGI file" -- see below -- on your system, usually inside of
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your project package (``mysite`` in this example). This tells Apache to serve
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any request below the given URL using the WSGI application defined in that
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file.
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If you install your project's Python dependencies inside a :mod:`virtual
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environment <venv>`, add the path using ``WSGIPythonHome``. See the `mod_wsgi
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virtual environment guide`_ for more details.
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The ``WSGIPythonPath`` line ensures that your project package is available for
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import on the Python path; in other words, that ``import mysite`` works.
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The ``<Directory>`` piece ensures that Apache can access your :file:`wsgi.py`
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file.
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Next we'll need to ensure this :file:`wsgi.py` with a WSGI application object
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exists. As of Django version 1.4, :djadmin:`startproject` will have created one
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for you; otherwise, you'll need to create it. See the :doc:`WSGI overview
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documentation</howto/deployment/wsgi/index>` for the default contents you
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should put in this file, and what else you can add to it.
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.. _mod_wsgi virtual environment guide: https://modwsgi.readthedocs.io/en/develop/user-guides/virtual-environments.html
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.. warning::
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If multiple Django sites are run in a single mod_wsgi process, all of them
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will use the settings of whichever one happens to run first. This can be
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solved by changing::
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os.environ.setdefault("DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE", "{{ project_name }}.settings")
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in ``wsgi.py``, to::
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os.environ["DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE"] = "{{ project_name }}.settings"
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or by :ref:`using mod_wsgi daemon mode<daemon-mode>` and ensuring that each
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site runs in its own daemon process.
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.. admonition:: Fixing ``UnicodeEncodeError`` for file uploads
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If you get a ``UnicodeEncodeError`` when uploading or writing files with
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file names or content that contains non-ASCII characters, make sure Apache
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is configured to support UTF-8 encoding:
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.. code-block:: shell
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export LANG='en_US.UTF-8'
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export LC_ALL='en_US.UTF-8'
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A common location to put this configuration is ``/etc/apache2/envvars``.
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Alternatively, if you are :ref:`using mod_wsgi daemon mode<daemon-mode>`
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you can add ``lang`` and ``locale`` options to the ``WSGIDaemonProcess``
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directive:
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.. code-block:: text
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WSGIDaemonProcess example.com lang='en_US.UTF-8' locale='en_US.UTF-8'
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See the :ref:`unicode-files` section of the Unicode reference guide for
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details.
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.. _daemon-mode:
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Using ``mod_wsgi`` daemon mode
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==============================
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"Daemon mode" is the recommended mode for running mod_wsgi (on non-Windows
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platforms). To create the required daemon process group and delegate the
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Django instance to run in it, you will need to add appropriate
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``WSGIDaemonProcess`` and ``WSGIProcessGroup`` directives. A further change
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required to the above configuration if you use daemon mode is that you can't
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use ``WSGIPythonPath``; instead you should use the ``python-path`` option to
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``WSGIDaemonProcess``, for example:
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.. code-block:: apache
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WSGIDaemonProcess example.com python-home=/path/to/venv python-path=/path/to/mysite.com
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WSGIProcessGroup example.com
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If you want to serve your project in a subdirectory
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(``https://example.com/mysite`` in this example), you can add
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``WSGIScriptAlias`` to the configuration above:
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.. code-block:: apache
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WSGIScriptAlias /mysite /path/to/mysite.com/mysite/wsgi.py process-group=example.com
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See the official mod_wsgi documentation for `details on setting up daemon
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mode`_.
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.. _details on setting up daemon mode: https://modwsgi.readthedocs.io/en/develop/user-guides/quick-configuration-guide.html#delegation-to-daemon-process
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.. _serving-files:
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Serving files
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=============
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Django doesn't serve files itself; it leaves that job to whichever web
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server you choose.
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We recommend using a separate web server -- i.e., one that's not also running
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Django -- for serving media. Here are some good choices:
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* Nginx_
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* A stripped-down version of Apache_
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If, however, you have no option but to serve media files on the same Apache
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``VirtualHost`` as Django, you can set up Apache to serve some URLs as
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static media, and others using the mod_wsgi interface to Django.
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This example sets up Django at the site root, but serves ``robots.txt``,
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``favicon.ico``, and anything in the ``/static/`` and ``/media/`` URL space as
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a static file. All other URLs will be served using mod_wsgi:
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.. code-block:: apache
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Alias /robots.txt /path/to/mysite.com/static/robots.txt
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Alias /favicon.ico /path/to/mysite.com/static/favicon.ico
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Alias /media/ /path/to/mysite.com/media/
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Alias /static/ /path/to/mysite.com/static/
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<Directory /path/to/mysite.com/static>
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Require all granted
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</Directory>
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<Directory /path/to/mysite.com/media>
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Require all granted
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</Directory>
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WSGIScriptAlias / /path/to/mysite.com/mysite/wsgi.py
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<Directory /path/to/mysite.com/mysite>
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<Files wsgi.py>
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Require all granted
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</Files>
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</Directory>
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.. _Nginx: https://nginx.org/en/
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.. _Apache: https://httpd.apache.org/
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.. More details on configuring a mod_wsgi site to serve static files can be found
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.. in the mod_wsgi documentation on `hosting static files`_.
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.. _hosting static files: https://modwsgi.readthedocs.io/en/develop/user-guides/configuration-guidelines.html#hosting-of-static-files
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.. _serving-the-admin-files:
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Serving the admin files
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=======================
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When :mod:`django.contrib.staticfiles` is in :setting:`INSTALLED_APPS`, the
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Django development server automatically serves the static files of the
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admin app (and any other installed apps). This is however not the case when you
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use any other server arrangement. You're responsible for setting up Apache, or
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whichever web server you're using, to serve the admin files.
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The admin files live in (:source:`django/contrib/admin/static/admin`) of the
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Django distribution.
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We **strongly** recommend using :mod:`django.contrib.staticfiles` to handle the
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admin files (along with a web server as outlined in the previous section; this
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means using the :djadmin:`collectstatic` management command to collect the
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static files in :setting:`STATIC_ROOT`, and then configuring your web server to
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serve :setting:`STATIC_ROOT` at :setting:`STATIC_URL`), but here are three
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other approaches:
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1. Create a symbolic link to the admin static files from within your
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document root (this may require ``+FollowSymLinks`` in your Apache
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configuration).
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2. Use an ``Alias`` directive, as demonstrated above, to alias the appropriate
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URL (probably :setting:`STATIC_URL` + ``admin/``) to the actual location of
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the admin files.
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3. Copy the admin static files so that they live within your Apache
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document root.
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Authenticating against Django's user database from Apache
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=========================================================
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Django provides a handler to allow Apache to authenticate users directly
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against Django's authentication backends. See the :doc:`mod_wsgi authentication
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documentation </howto/deployment/wsgi/apache-auth>`.
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